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Ahmed Muhiddin Piri (1465/70–1553〔http://dergiler.ankara.edu.tr/dergiler/19/821/10412.pdf〕), better known as Piri Reis ((トルコ語:Pîrî Reis) or ''Hacı Ahmed Muhiddin Pîrî Bey''), was an Ottoman admiral, geographer, and cartographer. He is primarily known today for his maps and charts collected in his ''Kitab-ı Bahriye'' (''Book of Navigation''), a book that contains detailed information on navigation, as well as very accurate charts (for their time) describing the important ports and cities of the Mediterranean Sea. He gained fame as a cartographer when a small part of his first world map (prepared in 1513) was discovered in 1929 at the Topkapı Palace in Istanbul. His world map is the oldest known Turkish atlas showing the New World, and one of the oldest maps of America still in existence anywhere (the oldest known map of America that is still in existence is the map drawn by Juan de la Cosa in 1500). Piri Reis' map is centered on the Sahara at the latitude of the Tropic of Cancer.〔Soucek, S. “Islamic Charting in the Mediterranean,” In J. B. Harley and D. Woodward, eds.() Cartography in the Traditional Islamic and South Asian Societies(). Vol. 2, book 1, 263–272. 1992. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.〕 In 1528, Piri Reis drew a second world map, of which a small fragment (showing Greenland and North America from Labrador and Newfoundland in the north to Florida, Cuba, Hispaniola, Jamaica and parts of Central America in the south) still survives. According to his imprinting text, he had drawn his maps using about 20 foreign charts and mappae mundi (Arab, Spanish, Portuguese, Chinese, Indian and Greek) including one by Christopher Columbus.〔''Trading Territories: Mapping the Early Modern World'', Jerry Brotton, Reaktion Books, ISBN 978-1-86189-011-5, p.108〕 He was executed in 1553. == Biography == For many years, little was known about the identity of Piri Reis. His name means ''Captain Piri''.〔Trading territories: mapping the early modern world, Jerry Brotton, Reaktion Books, ISBN 978-1-86189-011-5, 2003, p.193, reference to: Piri Reis Kitab-i-Bahriye, I(Istanbul 1988)〕 Today, based on the Ottoman archives, it is known that his full name was "Hacı Ahmed Muhiddin Piri"〔Maps of the ancient sea kings: evidence of advanced civilization in the ice age, Charles H. Hapgood, 246, 1966 ''He was born at the town of Karaman, near Konya, Turkey''〕 and that he was born either in Gelibolu (Gallipoli) on the European part of the Ottoman Empire (in present-day Turkish Thrace),〔Other routes: 1500 years of African and Asian travel writing, Tabish Khair, page 127, 2006 ''Muhuddin Piri Reis was born at the naval base of Gelibolu (later known to "Westerners" as Gallipoli during the First World War) as a nephew of Kemal Reis, the most famous Turkish admiral and privateer or "corsair" of the period. He seems to have joined his uncle's ship at the age of 11 or 12...''〕〔Venice and the Islamic world, 828-1797, Stefano Carboni, page 311, 2007 ''Piri Re'is, the nephew of a well-known Turkish mariner, learned seafaring and navigation from his uncle while both ... In 1511, Piri Re'is returned to his hometown of Gallipoli on the Dardanelles''〕 or in Karaman (his father's birthplace) in central Anatolia,〔Maps of the ancient sea kings: evidence of advanced civilization in the ice age, Charles H. Hapgood, 246, 1966 ''He was born at the town of Karaman, near Konya, Turkey. The exact date of his birth is unknown. In his early youth he joined his uncle Kemal Reis...Piri Reis whose, real name was Ahmet Muhiddin stayed with the Ottoman fleet during the reigns of Yavuz Selim and Suleiman the Magnificent...''〕 then the capital of the Beylik of Karaman (annexed by the Ottoman Empire in 1487). The exact date of his birth is unknown. His father's name was Hacı Mehmed Piri. The honorary and informal Islamic title ''Hadji'' (Turkish: ''Hacı'') in Piri's and his father's names indicate that they both had completed the Hajj (Islamic pilgrimage) by going to Mecca during the dedicated period. Piri began engaging in government-supported privateering (a common practice in the Mediterranean Sea among both the Muslim and Christian states of the 15th and 16th centuries) when he was young, in 1481, following his uncle Kemal Reis, a well-known corsair and seafarer of the time, who later became a famous admiral of the Ottoman Navy.〔 During this period, together with his uncle, he took part in many naval wars of the Ottoman Empire against Spain, the Republic of Genoa and the Republic of Venice, including the First Battle of Lepanto (Battle of Zonchio) in 1499 and Second Battle of Lepanto (Battle of Modon) in 1500. When his uncle Kemal Reis died in 1511 (his ship was wrecked by a storm in the Mediterranean Sea, while he was heading to Egypt), Piri returned to Gelibolu, where he started working on his studies about navigation. By 1516, he was again at sea as a ship's captain in the Ottoman fleet. He took part in the 1516–17 Ottoman conquest of Egypt. In 1522 he participated in the Siege of Rhodes against the Knights of St. John, which ended with the island's surrender to the Ottomans on 25 December 1522 and the permanent departure of the Knights from Rhodes on 1 January 1523 (the Knights relocated briefly to Sicily and later permanently to Malta). In 1524 he captained the ship that took the Ottoman Grand Vizier Pargalı İbrahim Pasha to Egypt. In 1547, Piri had risen to the rank of Reis (admiral) as the Commander of the Ottoman Fleet in the Indian Ocean and Admiral of the Fleet in Egypt, headquartered in Suez. On 26 February 1548 he recaptured Aden from the Portuguese, followed in 1552 by the capture of Muscat, which Portugal had occupied since 1507, and the strategically important island of Kish. Turning further east, Piri Reis captured the island of Hormuz in the Strait of Hormuz, at the entrance of the Persian Gulf. When the Portuguese turned their attention to the Persian Gulf, Piri Reis occupied the Qatar peninsula and the island of Bahrain to deprive the Portuguese of suitable bases on the Arabian coast. He then returned to Egypt, an old man approaching the age of 90. When he refused to support the Ottoman Vali (Governor) of Basra, Kubad Pasha, in another campaign against the Portuguese in the northern Persian Gulf, Piri Reis was beheaded in 1553. Several warships and submarines of the Turkish Navy have been named after Piri Reis. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Piri Reis」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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